Issues of Our TimesInternational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues of Our TimesInternational - Essay Example Information from the CQ Researcher online database, from Leda Hartman’s article shows that sectarian conflicts between the two groups are almost as old as the religion itself. Centuries ago, in most countries, the two groups co-existed in peace, but this soon changed into a full-scale violence during last year’s democracy movement in the Arab spring and when the U.S invaded Iraq. According to Cornell, there are up to 85-90% of Sunni Muslims in the world and 10-15% of Shiite Muslims.ii Most Shiites live in many parts of the world but majority of them can be found in countries such as Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and Iran among others. It is important to note that the Shiite Muslims in these countries are either the majority or a minority group with a lot of influence on powerful political positions, or none at all. The Sunnis, on the other hand are many, with large populations in countries such as India, North African states such as Libya, Egypt and Morocco. The situation between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims is not only about theology and history as previously mentioned in the introduction, but also about competition for power, a lot of privilege in some politicians from either of the group also intensifies the distrust and hostility. In page 114 of Cornell’s book, the sectarian division between the Sunnis and Shiites has taken very many centuries to develop. When Prophet Mohammad died, there was a problem among the young Muslims in regard to the one to succeed the Prophet.iii Disagreements emerged in the community eventually, resulting to these two groups. Additionally, the disagreement between the two groups soon developed into divisions related to politics, the ritual practices and theological doctrines. Hence, the two have always had different views leading to hostility, open conflicts and coexistence in other instances.iv In the

Results chapter (MICROBIOLOGY specialists only) Essay

Results chapter (MICROBIOLOGY specialists only) - Essay Example Each T-cell receptor has a specific unique peptide: Major Histocompatibility Complex with them. The Spleen contains lymphocytes and another type of white blood cells called Macrophages. Thus spleen is also the best source of lymphocytes. The T-cells are usually divided into two major Subsets- T Helper cells and T-Killer cells. The T-helper cells are called as CD4+ cells and T-killer cells are called as CD8+ cells. Early growth response gene – 2, a zinc finger transcription factor is expressed in the CD44 cells. It also controls their activation and proliferation. In the absence of this EGR gene -2 at CD44high + cells, and not CD44low + cells, the T cells were found to be hyper reactive and hyperproliferative in vivo. (Zhu et. al, 2008) In this experiment, two types of cells were used for FACS research, Wild type and EGR-2 Transgenic mice. The cells extracted from the spleen are separated for the lymphocytes and then mixed with 1 ÃŽ ¼l of the antibodies. The antibodies used are CD3 P (Phycoerythrin)+CD4 F(Fluorescein), CD3 P+CD8 F, CD4 F+CD8 P. (labtestsonline.org, 2009). The number of the positive cells were calculated for the two types and compared with each other. The wild type and the EGR-transgenic mice spleenocytes were stained with CD4 (FITC SL) + CD8 (PE SL). The results have shown that the wild type mice has the normal count. The CD4 positive cells are greater than the CD8 cells normally. In transgenic mice, the CD4 and CD8 cells counts are nearly the same. The EGR-Transgenic mice are found to have greater CD8 cells than the wild type. The wild type and the EGR-transgenic mice spleenocytes were stained with CD3 (PE SL) + CD4 (FITC SL). The results indicate that There was no characteristic difference in the CD3 positive cells in both wild type and EGR2. Whereas the CD4 positive cell count was nearly double in the wild type when compared to the EGR2 Tr. The staining of all the three type spleenocytes with CD4 FITC +CD3 PE, has showed that